What genetic process involves the exchange of segments of DNA between homologous chromosomes?

The process that involves the exchange of segments of DNA between homologous chromosomes is known as crossing-over. This occurs during prophase I of meiosis, where homologous chromosomes pair up and form structures known as tetrads. While in this configuration, segments of the chromosomes can break and rejoin with corresponding segments on the other homologous chromosome. This exchange of genetic material enhances genetic diversity in the resulting gametes.

Crossing-over is a crucial mechanism in sexual reproduction, promoting variations in offspring by shuffling alleles. This genetic recombination is essential for evolution as it increases the potential for different combinations of traits, some of which may confer advantages in survival and reproduction.

Mutation, segregation, and translocation refer to different genetic processes. Mutation involves changes in the DNA sequence itself, segregation relates to the separation of alleles during gamete formation, and translocation involves the rearrangement of parts between non-homologous chromosomes, not homologous ones.