What is defined as the process where bacteria pick up free DNA from their environment?

The process where bacteria pick up free DNA from their environment is known as transformation. This phenomenon occurs when bacteria take up foreign DNA that is present in their surroundings, which can come from lysed cells or other sources. Once inside the bacterial cell, this DNA can be incorporated into the bacterial genome through homologous recombination or used to express new traits, potentially providing the bacteria with advantageous characteristics, such as antibiotic resistance or new metabolic capabilities.

This process is a key mechanism of horizontal gene transfer in bacteria, contributing to genetic diversity and evolution. Understanding transformation is essential because it highlights how bacteria can rapidly adapt to changes in their environment and acquire new traits that enhance their survival.