Biology Major Field Test Practice

Mitochondria are often referred to as the "powerhouses" of the cell because their primary function is to carry out aerobic respiration, which is a crucial process for energy production. During aerobic respiration, mitochondria convert biochemical energy from nutrients into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the energy currency of the cell. This process involves several key stages, including the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation, which take place within the mitochondria's inner membranes.

The production of ATP in mitochondria is vital for various cellular functions, including muscle contraction, nerve impulse propagation, and biosynthesis. The presence of double membranes and their own DNA further highlights the unique role of mitochondria, as they closely resemble bacteria in their structure and function, supporting the endosymbiotic theory of their origin.

In contrast, protein synthesis primarily occurs in ribosomes, while photosynthesis is performed by chloroplasts in plant cells. DNA replication is a process that takes place in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, where the cell's genetic material is housed. Therefore, when considering the specific roles of cellular organelles, the role of mitochondria is distinctly tied to aerobic respiration and energy production.

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