What is the primary substrate for kinases?

Kinases are enzymes that primarily catalyze the transfer of a phosphate group from a high-energy molecule to a substrate, a process known as phosphorylation. The primary substrate for kinases is ATP (adenosine triphosphate).

ATP provides the necessary phosphate group, which is essential for many cellular processes, including metabolism, cell signaling, and energy transfer. When a kinase interacts with ATP, it typically transfers one of its phosphate groups to specific serine, threonine, or tyrosine residues on target proteins, which can alter the activity of these proteins and thereby influence various biochemical pathways.

In the context of the other options, while ADP (adenosine diphosphate) is related to ATP and is formed when ATP donates a phosphate group, it is not typically a substrate for kinases in the way that ATP is. NADPH is primarily involved in reductive biosynthesis and electron donation in various biochemical reactions but is not a direct substrate for kinases. Glucose, while an important energy source and substrate in cellular metabolism, does not serve as a phosphate donor for the phosphorylation reactions catalyzed by kinases. Thus, ATP is uniquely suited to act as the primary substrate for kinases.