What is the principle behind how traits independently assort?

The principle that traits independently assort is a fundamental concept in genetics known as the Law of Independent Assortment. This principle states that different genes independently separate from one another when reproductive cells develop. This process occurs during gamete formation, specifically during meiosis, where chromosomes are shuffled and distributed into gametes.

During meiosis, homologous chromosomes, which carry alleles for the same traits, are distributed into gametes in a random manner. This random assortment leads to the formation of gametes with different combinations of these alleles, contributing to genetic diversity in offspring. By allowing for independent assortment of alleles, this principle explains why traits expressed in offspring do not necessarily have to be linked to one another; they can assort independently based on the combinations present in the parental gametes. This is the underpinning of many genetic patterns, such as those described by Mendelian inheritance.

The other options, while related to aspects of reproduction and development, do not accurately reflect the mechanism through which independent assortment of traits operates. Fertilization is the union of gametes but does not involve the shuffling of alleles in the way described. Environmental influences can affect phenotype but do not directly determine genetic assortment. Mitosis is the process of cell division