What is the process of segregation in genetics?

The process of segregation in genetics refers to the separation of alleles during meiosis, the type of cell division that produces gametes (sperm and eggs). According to Mendel's law of segregation, each organism carries two alleles for each trait, one inherited from each parent. During meiosis, these alleles are segregated into different gametes. As a result, when fertilization occurs, each parent contributes one allele for the trait, ensuring genetic diversity in the offspring.

This process is fundamental to understanding genetic inheritance, as it explains how offspring can have combinations of traits that may differ from those of either parent. It also underpins the principles of dominance and recessiveness, which describe how certain alleles can mask the expression of others. The correct answer captures this crucial aspect of genetic inheritance, highlighting how alleles separate to maintain genetic diversity.