Which of the following is likely to be a trait of populations experiencing density-independent factors?

The characteristic of fluctuations that occur regardless of population size is typical of populations experiencing density-independent factors. These factors, such as natural disasters or extreme weather events, impact a population regardless of how densely populated the area is. For instance, a hurricane can devastate an ecosystem, leading to a significant decline in population numbers, whether the population was large or small before the event.

In contrast, other options reflect scenarios more aligned with density-dependent factors. Rapid population decline during resource scarcity relates to increased competition when resources become limited, which affects populations more significantly as their density rises. Similarly, increased competition for limited resources is a hallmark of density-dependent factors, where higher population density intensifies competition. Stable growth rates over time do not fit density-independent conditions, as such factors typically cause irregular and unpredictable changes, leading to instability in population dynamics.